[4]:187, Captain Pitcairn Morrison sent the death mask and some other objects collected by Weedon to an army officer in Washington. Kind of difficult as I live in Mississippi and far away from our people. I have found many names for My 4x Great Grandmother, wives of Osceola Billy Powell. He directed a successful ambush, taking advantage of the armys river crossing. After the slayings, Osceola became a wanted man. Osceola, suffering from failing health, was too weak to scale the walls of the cell and escape with his fellow warriors. According to the oral tradition of his descendants, Dr. Frederick Weedon was alone with the body and cut off Osceola's head, placing it in the coffin with the scarf that Osceola had customarily worn being wrapped around the neck, and immediately before the funeral ceremony removed the head and shut the coffin's lid. Over time, these various groups living in Florida, mostly of Creek and Hitchiti background, came to be called Sim-in-oli, or wild in the Muskogee language; this phrase was later Anglicized into Seminole. Smithsonian American Art Museum. He married Katherine Redstick Fraser, the Daughter of Chief (Mico) Eagle Wings of Tuhkabatchee. I am the direct descendant of Osceola Billy Powell. Osceolas grave marker says, Osceola, Patriot and Warrior, died at Fort Moultrie, January 30, 1838., State Archives of Florida, Florida Memory, http://floridamemory.com/items/show/4295, http://www.kislakfoundation.org/millennium-exhibit/profiles6.htm, http://www.floridamemory.com/solr-search/results/?q=%28osceola%20OR%20tt%3Aosceola%5E10%29&query=osceola, https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/03/15/creek-indian-mound-near-fort-decatur-alabama/, https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/03/12/osceola-powell-seminole-chief/, http://floridamemory.com/blog/2013/01/30/osceola-ca-1804-1838/. View full article. Augustine. Created in 1887, Osceola County is a 1,506 square mile area that serves as the south/central boundary of the Central Florida greater metropolitan area. Five of the most important Seminole chiefs, including Micanopy of the Alachua Seminole, did not agree to removal. Wife #2: Ah-lik-Chen m. about 1834, not much known about her Osceola was named Billy Powell at birth in 1804 in the Creek village of Talisi, now known as Tallassee, Alabama, in current Elmore County. Any info you can share that can confirm Kathrines actual parents or parent would be really helpful! Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Osceola and the Great Seminole War: A Struggle for Justice and Freedom at the best online prices at eBay! Holatta Micco (Billy Bowlegs) led the Seminole Tribe through the last days of the Seminole struggle against removal. The Lives of Osceola, Descendants Provide Rich Source for Historians I cant find that name anywhere. [7]:2135 The portraitists George Catlin, W. M. Laning, and Robert John Curtis, the three artists known to have painted Osceola from life, persuaded the Seminole leader to allow his portrait to be painted despite his being gravely ill.[1]:2178 [4]:1156 Osceola and Curtis developed a close friendship, conversing at length during the painting sessions; Curtis painted two oil portraits of Osceola, one of which remains in the Charleston Museum. Ive spent 5 exhausting months searching night and Day for the answers. I have chased the Rachel Rhoden to Sanee/Sanse/Santee/Sunnie Powell (Osceolas sister?) Putting his beliefs into action, he gathered fellow Seminoles in opposition against forced removal during the Second Seminole War, 1835-1842, willing to go against both whites and other natives who cooperated with whites. He settles with the Muscogee(MVSKOKE) Creek. Pollys 3 children Sara Missouri, Sanee, and William (Osceola) Powell. He married Che Cho La Morning Dew Stafney Thompson about 1827, in Alabama, United States. State Archives of Florida, Florida Memory, http://floridamemory.com/items/show/4294. After early military skirmishes and the 1823 Treaty of Moultrie Creek, by which the US seized northern Seminole lands, Osceola and his family moved with the Seminole deeper into central and southern Florida. We are direct descendants of James Powell, William Powells brother. Hi, I am really interested in Kathrine Frasers Parents. What is Peokas Christian name? I thought I had found a great hidden source since he had 6-7 versions of their history but then I read that his sources were message boards. Ben, I have a cousin on Ancestry.com, Timothy Powell, who is a direct descendant of James Powell (William Powells brother). By the Treaty of Moultrie Creek of 1823, the Seminoles agreed to give up their claims to land in Florida Territory in return for a reservation in central Florida, as well as certain payments and supplies to be provided by the US government. Robert J. Curtis painted an oil portrait of Osceola as well. 1814: POLLY Ann (Coppinger) Powell 1769/71 and WILLIAM POWELL were He stayed in the area as a fur trader and married into a Muscogee family, becoming closely involved with these people. It seems very likely that these wives could be Che-cho-ter and Hilda. I look identical to Osceolas Bust Death mask in St. AUGUSTINE, Fl. At some point, likely around 1814, when he and his mother moved to Florida to live among Creeks and Seminoles, Osceola began to insist he was a pure-blood Indian. Wife #1: Ui -chee m. 1826 May be a nickname or she may be a Euchee woman. In 1821, the United States acquired Florida from Spain. University of Florida Press, 1996. His grandmother was Ann McQueen, grandfather Jose Coppinger. Osceola, named Billy Powell at birth in Alabama, became an influential leader of the Seminole people in Florida. Thompson considered Osceola to be a friend, and gave him a rifle. [7]:879 Donald L. Fixico, an American Indian historian, says he made a research trip to the National Archives to see the original Treaty of Fort Gibson (also known as the Treaty of Payne's Landing), and that upon close inspection, he observed that it had "a small triangular hole shaped like the point of a knife blade". I thought the statue was me at first. [7]:231 These paintings have inspired numerous widely distributed prints and engravings, and cigar store figures were also based on them. The death mask is currently housed in the Luce collection of the New-York Historical Society.[28]. Passed after strenuous debate in Congress (Representative David Crockett of Tennessee opposed it), the act mandated exchange of tribal lands in the South for territory west of the Mississippi River. I thought I would find who was father was by ordering his death certificate but his father is listed as unknown. After his death, army doctor Frederick Weedon persuaded the Seminole to allow him to make a death mask of Osceola, shown below, as was a European-American custom at the time for prominent people. Please reorganize this content to explain the subject's impact on popular culture. . Powell, Stephen Powell, Silas Powell, Sarah Missouri Canaday (born Powell), Sarah Ann Canaday (born Powell), Sari Missouri Canaday, San 1838? Does anyone have any family information about Peoka? Their Origin and Racial Status. As a result of the escape, Osceola and 237 of his people were transferred to Fort Moultrie, South Carolina, far from their homes in Florida. Osceola attended several parleys with American officials, after which he usually left disgusted and dissatisfied. The family moved to Florida when Billy was a child, and later, having witnessed the white man's brutality against Native Americans he joined the Seminoles and began to fight against the U.S. government's attempt . Would like to know more. He became an adviser to Micanopy, the principal chief of the Seminole from 1825 to 1849. George Catlin, the famous artist who focused on Native American culture, visited and painted Osceola in his full Seminole attire: ostrich plumes, turban, war dress, and gorget. Seminole Tribeof Florida. Unworthy Republic: The Dispossession of Native Americans and the Road to Indian Territory. I know they had my 3x Great Grandfather John Wesley Powell. Your Privacy Rights The Second Seminole War, fought from 1835-42, was the longest and most costly war between Native Americans and the United States. Facebook gives people. Osceola married Peoka and had John Wesley Powell. After his humiliating imprisonment, Osceola secretly prepared vengeance against Thompson. Also looking for our band of ancestors and a tribal number. In 1966, Miami businessman Otis W. Shriver claimed he had dug up Osceola's grave and put his bones into a bank vault to rebury them at a tourist site at the Rainbow Springs in Marion County. OR This line below seems more accurate: According to legend, Osceola stabbed the treaty with his knife, although there are no contemporary reports of this. The Rising Sun, or Osceola was a great warrior who gained popularity and leadership . together during the BATTLE OF HORSESHOE BEND where Major General Disappointing for those of us who work hard to get it right. Osceola, William Powell, Jr. was not a chief. Where are the pictures? [8], In 1821, the United States acquired Florida from Spain, and more European-American settlers started moving in, encroaching on the Seminoles' territory. In October 1837, while negotiating under a white flag of truce near St. Augustine, Florida, Osceola was taken prisoner. I moved a lot and reside in Northeast Mississippi. Owen Edwards Granddaughter of Nanny Powell Renfrow Ann McQueen was also mixed-race Muscogee Creek; her father, James McQueen, was Scottish. this i find to be really some thing as to why well in my family we have 5 William Powells in on of my family trees that well i have looked up genealogy on. Or is that sentence purposely ignoring the generational increment? Micco Osceola 'Billy Powell' Nikkanochee - FamilySearch Osceola was an influential Florida Seminole leader. These paintings have inspired numerous prints and engravings, which were widely distributed, and even cigar store figures. Ouichee and Ahlikchen. Please contact Kathy Johnston Schettler or myself at the following email addresses: sandpiperbeach@msn.com or davidjschettler@msn.com; phone (509)888-8335. 1785 (date? The people in the town of Tallassee were mixed-blood Native American/ English/ Irish/Scottish, and some were black. Billy Powell is hardly a household name. POLLY Ann (Coppinger) Powell 1769/71 [5] His mother was Polly Coppinger, a mixed-race Creek woman, and his father was most likely William Powell, a Scottish trader. I have been told all my life that we are related to Osceola but now I want to know my Granny was from Eldorenda Ga I am from Fla so now I want to know I favor him I have the lines on my face he has and I have his cheek bones so yes I really want to know. 16 [2] Osceola led the Seminole resistance to removal until he was captured on October 21, 1837, by deception, under a flag of truce,[3] when he went to a site near Fort Peyton for peace talks. The land, however, was unsuitable for agriculture and located away from the coastline so that Seminoles could no longer trade with Cubans and others for arms, ammunition, etc. Plagued by food shortages, adverse conditions, and disease, the Trail of Tears remains a haunting reminder of the fate many native tribes of the Southeast suffered.While Osceola was not a chief by birth, his followers recognized him as such because of his natural leadership abilities. Osceola nicknamed her daughter Victoria Viola Jenks, but no one in my family knows why. What information does the family believe? State Archives of Florida, Florida Memory, http://floridamemory.com/items/show/4370. Native American Haplogroup X2a Solutrean, Hebrew orBeringian? 15 Facts About Osceola | FactSnippet Polly was the daughter of Ann McQueen and Jose Coppinger. MY name is Benjamin Powell and I am the 4x Great Grandson of Osceola Billy Powell. On one occasion Osceola quarreled with Thompson, who had the warrior locked up at Fort King for two nights until he agreed to be more respectful. Shriver traveled around the state in 1967 to gather support for his project. He was reared by his mother in the Creek (Muscogee) tradition. Facebook gives people the power to share and makes. The painting by George Caitlin of Osceola showing him standing with his rifle with his two wives in the background along with a baby boy. You cant do that at Ancestry because they dont provide you with segment information. About: Osceola - DBpedia 334-444-5466 . ************************************************************************ If anyone has any genealogy of the Chief and his brother please contact me by email. I Dont know much just what I read. He stayed in the area as a fur trader and married into the Creek tribe. My name is Erin, and I am responding to a comment you left on nativeheritageproject.com, from 2017. He became closely involved with the people. The connection does not seem to fit for Rachel Rhoden, b 1845,GA- apparently had 7 or 8 children without being married. 1747-1795 ( Greene went into message boards copied what other people had written, put in a book as factual., II. (LogOut/ Oil on canvas portrait of Seminole Chief, Osceola (born Billy Powell) dressed in colorful robes, a headband holding three feathers and three ceremonial gorgets hanging around his neck. the Okefenokee Swamp was a refuge for Indian people, fugitives from slavery, deserters during the Civil War (1861-65), and others seeking concealment. Does anybody know the names of Osceolas wives? *Osceola two wives SOURCE: McNeer (42) or Selena (unreliable source) Fraser 1739 It made sense then that many of his family lines made no sense. Various traditional narratives deal with these topics, including accounts by present-day descendants of Indian people who fled to Fort Moniac on the St. Marys River during the Indian removals. He identified himself as an Indian, says Ccile Ganteaume, an NMAI curator and organizer of the Infinity of Nations exhibition. Billy Powell changed his name to Osceola. Note: most researchers believe that William Powell, 1761-1830, is the step father of Osceola b 1804 in Talisi, AL, not his real father. In order to secure his release, Osceola agreed to sign the Treaty of Payne's Landing and to bring his followers into the fort. RACHEL RHODEN, b. Hello, I live in Macon Co, Alabama and would be interested in talking with you about the Powell family of Macon Co and Osceola. In 1836, Osceola led a small group of warriors in the Seminole resistance during the Second Seminole War, when the United States tried to remove the tribe from their lands in Florida to Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River. To know for sure, you have to match on the same segment with at least two people proven to have the same ancestor and to not have other common ancestors. OR Join Facebook to connect with Osceola Billy Powell and others you may know. He was recognized as a defender of his people, Ganteaume says, and coverage in the American press made him well known. His fame only grew after his death at Fort Moultrie three months after his arrest. * Betty Wadford- a long time Osceola researcher -Missouri was her 3X Finding Your American Indian Tribe UsingDNA, Certain Aboriginal Mounds of the GeorgiaCoast, Indian Slaves, New Kent County, VA1722-1726, New Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroup, A4,Discovered, Chiskoyack Indians of Goucester County,VA, Sophia Williams Estes (1849-1928) Native AmericanWoman, The Sycamore Tree and the Indian Legend of Notre DameUniversity, Naia Oldest Native American FacialReconstruction, Panis Indian Burials in Detroit, Michigan and Windsor and Amherstburg,Ontario, James Logan Colbert of the Chickasaws and Allied TraderFamilies, Haplogroup C3* Previously Believed East Asian Haplogroup is Proven NativeAmerican, A Little Flesh We Offer You Indian Slaves in NewFrance, Updated Native American Mitochondrial DNAHaplogroups, The Peoples Path Native Site toDisappear, Kostenki14 A New Ancient Siberian DNASample, Allen County Public Library Native and African American OnlineResources, Married in the Manor and Custom of theTime, Matching DNA of Living Native Descendants to DNA of NativeAncestors, Ring Found in Indian Grave Inscribed Think ofMary, Chief Big Head, Standing Rock, DakotaTerritory, Edward Curtis, Shadow Catcher, Photographer of NativeAmericans, Augusta County, VA Homicides InvolvingIndians, Cherokee Became Ubiquitous Word forIndian, Spotswoods November 1713 Letter Regarding Tuscarora WarSurvivors, Parsons and Abbott Roll 1832 CreekCensus, Jack Amos, Choctaw, Newton County,Mississippi, Big Y DNA Results Divide and Unite Haplogroup Q NativeAmericans, 1888-1893 New York Indian CensusSurnames, Wakarusa River Blue Jackets Crossing and Home of theShawnees, 1765 North Carolina, South Carolina and GeorgiaMap, Cherokee Indians of Robeson County (later Lumbee), Las Castas - Spanish Racial Classifications, 1888-1893 New York Indian Census Surnames. He was imprisoned, first at Fort Marion in St. Augustine, Florida, and later at Fort Moultrie, near Charleston, South Carolina. [5][15] He was buried with military honors at Fort Moultrie. In late October 1837, Osceola contacted General Joseph Hernandez, through a black interpreter named John Cavallo (also John Horse), to arrange negotiations about ceasing hostilities. MOTHER: POLLY Ann (Coppinger) Powell 1769/71 married 3X. May be Che cho la of Morning Dew , Osceola 22 years old, she was 15.-four children (Hartley, 118). m. Che-Cho Ter (Morning Dew), 3. Thank you for any help! - Fort Moultrie, Sullivans Island, Charleston, South Carolina, USA, , Chekika Polly Ann Powell (born Coppinger). His mother Polly Coppinger was daughter of Ann McQueen who was part Muscokgee. My family is also related to the William Powell heritage were you able to find any information? For almost two years, he led a band of warriors in resistance against the United States during the second Seminole war. What Ive ascertained thus far is that James McQueen punched his commanding officer in the Royal Navy and jumped ship and swam back to land. SP #1 (may be):+Checartha Yargee Son Of Big Warrior b. Osceola and the Great Seminole War: A Struggle for Justice and Freedom 5. Im just seeking additional clarity as I find the extent of the European heritage in these native Americans (particularly in the Creek tribes) to be a fascinating aspect of the social/ethnic characterizations in the recorded native American history. Native American Heritage Month - Osceola History [7]:90, On December 28, 1835, Osceola, with the same rifle Thompson gave him, killed the Indian agent. Osceola Powell is on Facebook. I am willing to cooperate with DNA match. She was born in 1886 and died in 1961. Thank you very much. They were reared by their mothers and their maternal male relatives following Muscogee cultural practices, and they gained their social status from their mother's people. In December 1837, about twenty Seminole warriors escaped from their cell in Fort Marion. When Hernandez and his entourage reached the camp, they promptly seized Osceola and the warriors, women and children present. Native American Haplogroup C Update Progress!!! By 1885, the death mask and some of Osceolas belongings ended up in the anthropology collection of the Smithsonian Institution, where they are still held. Sari is my direct line. Sources:Porter, Kenneth. [9] Lt. John T. Sprague mentions in his 1848 history The Florida War that Osceola had a wife named "Che-cho-ter" (Morning Dew), who bore him four children. There is no source documentation and its simply wrong in some cases. 6. for 10 years but can not find a paper trail to back it up.l had given up on it when my. Seminole Chief Osceola, Billy Powell | Native Heritage Project My telephone number is (662)596-5938. When Micco Osceola 'Billy Powell' Nikkanochee was born in 1804, in Talasse, Macon, Alabama, United States, his father, John William Powell, was 39 and his mother, Polly Ann Moniac Coppinger, was 35. Also written as Asi-Yaholo, his name translates as "asi," the ritual "black drink . (LogOut/ In 1814, after the Red Stick Creek were defeated by United States forces, Polly took Osceola and moved with other Creek refugees from Alabama to Florida, where they joined the Seminole. PARENTS: Big Warrior George Washington Cornells Aka Tustenuggee Mvto, Thank you, Ben Powell. By 1885, the death mask and some of Osceola's belongings were being held in the anthropology collection of the Smithsonian Institution. Born in Tallassee, Alabama, in 1804, Powell (hereafter Osceola) was of mixed blood. As a child, Osceola went by the name Billy Powell, but later he fully embraced the identity of his adopted tribe, the Seminoles of Florida. Mott placed it in his collection at the Surgical and Pathological Museum. Osceola County derives its name from Billy Powell, Osceola County is a county rich in history and life. Learn about the Seminole Indians of Florida: Lessons for Kids Coacoochees escape prompted Jesup to transfer the most important Seminole captives out of the area. The Seminoles also welcomed runaway enslaved people from the plantations of Georgia, South Carolina, and later Florida into their tribe, which drew the attention and hostility of American slaveholders and the US Army. If anyone has a better possibility, add it below. Osceola (Billy Powell) Born to a Creek mother and a white father, Osceola's family joined the Seminole following the Creek Civil War. I was told it was out of production. The Black Seminoles: History of a Freedom-Seeking People. SOURCE: RHODEN family book, Baker Co., Historical Lib My great grandmothers name was Ola Ellington from Dothan, Houston County, Alabama. She has a Powell Family Book which was created by Bruce Powell. I keep coming up short. I cant find the connection to Iowa. The Shawnee connection- Tecumseh, Great Shawnee leader, had a Creek mother, was considered Creek since the Creeks went by the mother.s line. The process of "pulling" the first mold, which was soon displayed in the window of a Charleston drugstore, destroyed the original cast. well, Nathan Powell, Stephen Powell, Silas Powell, Missouri Canaday, Sarah Ann Powell, Santee 'sunnie' Powell, Sanse Rhoden (bo 1801 - Upper Creek Town Tallassee, Alabama, USA, Jan 30 1838 - Fort Moultrie, Charleston, South Carolina, United States, John William "chufi Hadjo" (Mad Or Drunk Rabbit) Powell, Chekika Polly Ann Powell (born Coppinger). Ann NANCY (McQueen) Coppinger 1747-1795 1769/71-1814 FL, M Jose Coppinger, 1730-1833- (of Coppinger clan Polly was with him also but she is not listed as his mother. m. Che-Cho Ter (Morning Dew) Sari Missouri Miss Sari m. John Milledge Canaday I think the Creek Indians were in the swamp because no one would go after them in that swamp. Are the two listed above the same woman? Osceola - Wikipedia Great Native American Chiefs | Osceola Online Exhibits [4]:178 Weedon apparently preserved Osceola's head in a large jar of alcohol and took it to St. Augustine,[4]:181 where he exhibited it in the family drugstore. Rumors persist that his embalmed head has been found in various locations. Perhaps you could find descendants or relatives of Osceolas father and compare their DNA with your DNA to see if there is a match, then you would know for certain, provided there is a match. Fort Moultrie and Grave of Oceola, the Indian Chief Postcard Some pronunciations of the name lend to the meaning the "black drink", a bitter concoction used in ritual ceremonies. The fort's current . Osceola, suffering from poor health, spent his final month at Fort Moultrie as a prisoner of the US Army. If there is something out there that can help me with confirming connections it would he helpful. Osceola was named John William Powell Jr aka Billy Powell at birth in the Creek village of Talisi, now known as Tallassee, Alabama, in current Elmore County. His mother raised him as a Creek by custom under the . He was buried on the grounds outside of the fort, albeit without his head, which Dr. Frederick Weedon removed as a scientific curiosity.Today, Osceolas legacy is representative of the struggle faced by many native peoples throughout the United States as encroachment by white settlers led to violent disputes and the eventual forced removal of most tribes to the present-day Southwest. In adulthood, as part of the Seminole, Powell was given his name Osceola. Known throughout his youth as Billy Powell, Osceola's early life remains relatively obscure. But there is no information that is connected to her as to who her parent or parents were. It was presumably lost when a fire destroyed the museum in 1866. Chief Osceola was the son of my great, great Uncle Billy Powell. Because of his renown, Osceola attracted visitors in prison, including renowned artist George Catlin, who painted perhaps the most well-known portrait of the Seminole leader. 2023 Smithsonian Magazine @ michaelaneider@yahoo.com.. thank you. Source: Baker Co Historical Lib- McQueen family book, Betty Wadford (about 90 My family hid the record of her birth-parents, and I know nothing about them except that her mother or father was likely a fieldhand in North Carolina. Osceola (1804 - January 30, 1838), or Asi-Yaholo, was also known as Billy Powell during his childhood. Osceola led the Seminole war resistance until he was lied to during peace talks and captured in September 1837. Osceola, a young warrior rising to prominence, resented the ban. Osceola (Billy Powell) Medicine Man and War Chief (1804-1838) Osceola (ah-see-oh-la), William 'Billy' Powell, 1804-1838, was a Medicine man and War Chief of the Florida Seminoles during the Indian removal from Florida to unsettled U.S. territory in Oklahoma during the early 1800s. Great Grandmother- Gainesville resident, 77, in April 2008. I am trying to figure out how old he was when he passed on. One of Chief Osceolas possessions is shown below. My family is on that site as to our DNA results. 1,121,895: 2. Enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. Id love to hear more from some of you. Osceola, the most well-known leader of the Seminole Indians, was born in 1804, in a Creek town near Tallassee, present-day Tuskegee, Alabama. We would love to be able to discuss further anything that others may know about this genealogy of Osceola and his wives. * F: James J. Rhoden, b. She married after the birth of her last child. Hello, Hensci, Estonko? Capt. Billy was all of these." Ann was probably the sister or aunt of Peter McQueen, a prominent Muscogee leader and warrior. Later, though, when Osceola quarreled with Thompson, the agent had the warrior locked up at Fort King for a night. Some of the information the family believed does not agree with information I read online. But, the most common interpretation of Osceola means the "Rising Sun". CHILD: Ann Nancy Powell 1747 m Don Jose Coppinger, 1730 gov of E Fl Known throughout his youth as Billy Powell, Osceola's early life remains relatively obscure. Billy Osceola b 1804, in Talisi, AL. Indian agent- who wrote Reminisces Series. Im not sure why the Rhoden family history listed Yoha Hadjos last name as Rhoden-only place I have ever seen it. She is buried in Rowan Memorial Park Cemetery in Salisbury, NC. Many Seminole chiefs refused to sign the treaty, leading to the outbreak of the Second Seminole War and Osceolas fame. Osceola Powell - Facebook For every four Seminoles deported, the US Army killed one Seminole, lost three US Army soldiers, and spent $32,000. Osceola had risen to prominence as a Seminole leader when he refused to accept the Indian Removal Actlegislation proposed by President Andrew Jackson in 1830.

Craving Peanut Butter During Pregnancy Boy Or Girl, Walter Scott Whispers Wife, Articles B