A lock ( A locked padlock ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. This is a best prospect industry sector for this country. [17], Ethiopia's flower industry has become a new source for export revenue. The agriculture sector is projected to grow at 6.2% per annum over the next ten years. The Ethiopian Government set up the Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) to reach certain goals between 2011 and 2015. Private companies are allowed to import food commodities including wheat, rice, sugar, powder milk, and cooking oils. This government-led outreach, combined with low labor and electricity costs, has already yielded fruits with a number of Turkish, Indian, Chinese, Indonesian and other foreign firms opening businesses in Ethiopia in recent years. Ethiopia has considerable potential for producing cotton. The agricultural sector is subject to periodic drought, and poor infrastructure constrains the production and marketing of Ethiopia's products. The process meant not only smaller farms but also the fragmentation of holdings, which were often scattered into small plots to give families land of comparable quality. Ethiopia sources cotton mainly from India and other international suppliers. Agriculture in Ethiopia is the foundation of the country's economy, accounting for half of gross domestic product (GDP), 83.9% of exports, and 80% of total employment.. Ethiopia's agriculture is plagued by periodic drought, soil degradation caused by overgrazing, deforestation, high levels of taxation and poor infrastructure (making it difficult and expensive to get goods to market). Physiographic characteristics of agricultural lands and farmers' soil Private traders and the Agricultural Marketing Corporation (AMC), established in 1976, marketed Ethiopia's agricultural output. As many as 4.6 million people need food assistance annually. Ethiopia's major staple crops include a variety of cereals, pulses, oilseeds, and coffee. Cookies on OCLC websites. The beneficial climate in the Highlands of Ethiopia also enabled irrigation and other advanced agricultural technology. Explain The Main Contribution, Potentials, Characteristics, and [27], Most of the estimated 7.5 million equines (horses, mules, and donkeys) are used to transport produce and other agricultural goods. Section D. Note: Top 3 trade partners are calculated by imports + exports. Agriculture in Ethiopia | Infomineo Skip to Article Content; Skip to Article Information; Search within. Agriculture. This paper analyzes and discusses how the newly adopted system is structured and operates, the characteristics of extension services, and the evaluation system employed in agricultural extension, and assesses the challenges and opportunities associated with the system. Ethiopia is well positioned because highland temperatures make it ideal for horticulture, the average wage rate is US$20 per month (compared to US$60 a month in India), the price of leased land is about US$13 per hectare, and the government has tremendously aided the entry of new businesses into this sector in recent years. The agricultural production sector is a backbone of the Ethiopian economy. Food production had consistently declined throughout the 1980s. Genetic Diversity and Relationship of Ethiopian Potato Varieties to Agriculture is the mainstay of Ethiopian economy involving major source of employment and gross national product. (PDF) Agricultural systems in Ethiopia - Academia.edu Ethiopia is endowed with abundant agricultural resources and has diverse agro-ecological zones. In 20062007 (the latest year available), exports of chat accounted for 25% of export earnings (or 8oo million Birr). Teff, indigenous to Ethiopia, furnishes the flour for enjera, an sourdough pancake-like bread that is the principal form in which grain is consumed in the highlands and in urban centers throughout the country. }, author={Tesfaye Haile}, journal={Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Sciences}, year={1988}, volume={10}, pages={85-97} } T. Haile; Published 14 July 1988; Geography; Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Sciences Hence, fewer people send their cattle in transhumance.[29]. Potato is an increasingly important crop in Ethiopia, but the origin of local cultivars grown throughout the country is unknown. Firstly, various policies that discouraged private sector participation in economic activity were implemented during the socialist era (between 1978 and 1992). 2. Agriculture accounts for most of (30-42%)t of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country. [24] As Ethiopia increasingly experiences the effects of climate change, drought, and desertification, experts predict that "Ethiopia will have to open its markets to grain imports in order to keep up with the growing demand for meat, milk, and eggs.". It then continues in summarising the main specific characteristics of agriculture: The land use function, the supply and demand characteristics, the contribution of the agricultural sector to the provision of positive externalities and public goods, food as a unique and most essential good and agriculture as a key element for the development of . Only 15 percent of the roads are paved; this is a problem particularly in the highlands, where there are two rainy seasons causing many roads to be unusable for weeks at a time. To examine the current situation on the use of agricultural technologies by . In addition, it is hoped that the number of key crops are doubled from 18.1m metric to 39.5m metric tonnes. The challenges and prospects of Ethiopian agriculture - ResearchGate "National Statistical Abstract. Total required investment costs for the IAIPs stand at U.S. $870 million and initial investment costs are estimated at U.S. $266 million. Young herders take their text books of the upcoming school year to the grazing grounds. There also was concern that villagization could have a negative impact on fragile local resources, accelerate the spread of communicable diseases, and increase problems with plant pests and diseases. There is a functional relationship between the use of ove. Agro-processed products, such as chicken, cheese, butter, eggs, biscuits, bread, juice, etc. These types of soils are found in much of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region (SNNPR). [7], Most agricultural producers are subsistence farmers with small holdings, often broken into several plots. Yet, information regarding its extent, distribution, causes, and lime requirement at a scale relevant to subsistence farming systems is still lacking. [7], The effect of the Derg's land reform program on food production and its marketing and distribution policies were among two of the major controversies surrounding the revolution. Moreover, the emperor's inability to implement meaningful land reform perpetuated a system in which aristocrats and the church owned most of the farmland and in which most farmers were tenants who had to provide as much as 50% of their crops as rent. The Ethiopian Herald (Addis Ababa) Urban agriculture utilizes resources such as land that have high demand for other urban uses . The plough shaft, beam and ploughshare are made of wood and the sickle, pick axe, plow are made of metal. There are two predominant soil types in the highlands. It focusses on Ethiopia and provides a broad overview of some of the key developments in agriculture. However, despite substantial investments and subsidies, State Farms provided only 4.2% of the cereal production in 198889. In the late nineteenth century, about 30% of Ethiopia was covered with forest. Common vegetables include onions, peppers, squash, and a cabbage similar to kale. Per capita meat consumption was high by developing countries' standards, an estimated thirteen kilograms annually. Ethiopia follows the Julian calendar consisting of 12 months of 30 days each and a 13th month of 5 or 6 days. As with many equatorial countries, the sun dictates time in Ethiopia. [10], Until the 1974 revolution, Ethiopia had a complex land tenure system, which some have described as feudal. Ethiopia aims to reach lower-middle-income status by 2025. [15], About 98 percent of the coffee was produced by peasants on smallholdings of less than a hectare, and the remaining 2 percent was produced by state farms. Ethiopia Agriculture Market Analysis - Industry Report - Trends, Size Ethiopian Highlands - Africa RISING Major Rivers of Ethiopia Water resources. An estimated 85 percent of the . Before the revolution, large-scale commercial cotton plantations were developed in the Awash Valley and the Humera areas. The principal grains in Ethiopia are Teff, Wheat, Barley, Corn, Sorghum, and Millet. y's natural potential, the agricultural performance remains weak; high dependency on rain-fed Yet agriculture is the country's most promising resource. For this reason, some environmental experts maintain that large-scale conservation work in Ethiopia has been ineffective. Agricultural systems in Ethiopia - ScienceDirect In early 1990, the government essentially abandoned villagization when it announced new economic policies that called for free-market reforms and a relaxation of centralized planning. PDF Characteristics of Agricultural Landscape Features and Local Soil For instance, the 198485 official procurement price for 100 kilograms of teff was 42 birr at the farm level and 60 birr when the AMC purchased it from wholesalers. These conditions include basic agricultural production potentials, access to input and output markets, and local population densities which represent both labor availability and local demand for food. Livestock and Livestock Characteristics (Private Peasant Holdings) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) [21] It is estimated to number over 150 million in 20072008. They are sticky when wet, hard when dry, and difficult to work. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has embarked on a ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030) where agriculture is on the top of priority sectors. Exports are almost entirely agricultural commodities, and coffee is the largest foreign exchange earner. But with proper drainage and conditioning, these soils have excellent agricultural potential. Area, Production and Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Belg Season) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) The AMC set quotas of grain purchases to be delivered by peasant associations and cooperatives and also bought from private wholesalers, who were required to sell half of their purchases at predetermined prices. The amount of coffee inspected in the fiscal year 20072008 by the Ethiopian Coffee and Tea Authority (ECTA) was 230,247 tons, a decrease of almost 3% from the previous fiscal year's total of 236,714 tons. The state of subsistence agriculture in Ethiopia: sources of output Ethiopia's crop agriculture is complex, involving substantial variation in crops grown across the country's different regions and ecologies. [7], The plains and low foothills west of the highlands have sandy and gray-to-black clay soils. Among the popular games on the grasslands, football (introduced via schools) tends to replace the traditional qarsa game. The major binding constraints of the sector are insufficient yields due to inefficient provision of inputs and services, unclear land lease rights, limited investment in R&D and irrigation, marketing and logistics related problems, and lack of agriculture-specific financial services. In June, 1997, the Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization (EARO), today's Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR) was established and merged all the existing agricultural research institutions which included: 1. Merkebu Getachew. PDF TIGRAY ESIA SOIL CHARACTERISTICS - African Development Bank Agriculture. Where the topography permits, they are suitable for farming. Mengistu told the 1989 WPE party congress that at US$0.32 per kilogram, foreign-exchange earnings from coffee would have dropped by 240 million Birr, and government revenue would have been reduced by 140 million Birr by the end of 1989. Forestland, most of it in the southwestern part of the country, accounted for 4 percent of the total land area, according to the government. With 22% of children aged 5 to 14 working in the informal sector, the Department reported that "government efforts to address child labor have not sufficiently targeted sectors with a high incidence of child labor",[28] and cattle herding still figures among the goods listed in the DOL's List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor published in December 2014. Over the centuries, deforestation, overgrazing, and practices such as cultivation of slopes not suited to agriculture have eroded the soil, a situation that worsened considerably during the 1970s and 1980s, especially in Eritrea, Tigray, and parts of Gondar and Wollo. [7], The consumption of vegetables and fruits is relatively limited, largely because of their high cost. Sandy desert soils cover much of the arid lowlands in the northeast and in the Ogaden of southeastern Ethiopia. [7], Historically, Ethiopia was a rare exception in Sub-Saharan Africa, because of its special environmental circumstances, that enabled Ethiopian farmers to increase their productivity, for example by using ploughs. According to CSA (2015) report, cereals . Vertisols are very important soils in Ethiopian agriculture. Blue Nile makes about 80% by volume of the Great Nile River. [7], Cattle in Ethiopia are almost entirely of the zebu type and are poor sources of milk and meat. According to the World Bank, agricultural production increased at an average annual rate of 0.6 percent between 1973 and 1980 but then decreased at an average annual rate of 2.1 percent between 1980 and 1987. Barley is cultivated mostly between 2,000 and 3,500 meters in Ethiopia. Causes and Characteristics of Drought in Ethiopia. This can be attributed to two factors. According to the World Bank, agricultural production increased at an average annual rate of 2.1 percent between 1965 and 1973, while population increased at an average annual rate of 2.6 percent during the same period. It purchased grain from peasant associations at fixed prices. The economic plan prescribes the following comprehensive measures to overcome the challenges facing the agricultural sector: Enhance productivity of small-holder farmers and pastoralists through provision of modern inputs and services; Develop a legal framework that will allow farmers to lease land and to become shareholders in large commercial farms; Modernize livestock production through improving veterinary infrastructure, research and innovation, and establishing linkages with other industries; Establish effective linkages between agriculture producers and commodity markets as well as the commercial value chain; Encourage private sector investment in agricultural R&D and exploring PPPs to expand medium and large-scale irrigation infrastructure; and. First, the recurring droughts had devastated the country's main areas where pulses and oilseeds were grown. agriculture, poverty and illiteracy are important causes of land and environmental degradation in Ethiopia. Rain-fed cotton also grew in Humera, Bilate, and Arba Minch. The Homegrown economic reform plan identified structural and institutional bottlenecks affecting the agricultural sector in Ethiopia. The Blue Nile from Ethiopia originating form Lake Tana and the White Nile that originated form Lake Victoria merge into the Great Nile River at Khartoum, the Sudan capital to form the longest river of the world draining to the Mediterranean Sea.The Blue Nile Falls is one . Grain consumption, especially for wheat and wheat-based products like bread and pasta, continues to climb as incomes rise and more people move to urban centers. Adigrat University, College of Agriculture, Department of Animal Production and Technology, Adgrat, Tigray, Ethiopia Address: Adigrat University, P.O.Box 50 Abstract: Ethiopia is endowed with diverse cattle genetic resources adapted to various local environmental conditions and acquired unique features. The vision of the CSA is to be a center of excellence in . Following their rise to power, on March 4, 1975, the Derg proclaimed their land reform program. During the 1970s, coffee exports accounted for 50-60% of the total value of all exports, although coffee's share dropped to 25% as a result of the economic dislocation following the 1974 revolution. The LMP also calls for increases in dairy, broiler and egg production to satisfy increasing consumer demand for affordable animal proteins. Section D. This article examines the characteristics of and choice among two production technologies in Ethiopian agriculture, one with fertilizer and the other without, using 1989-90 farm-level data. In the dry lowlands, persistent winds also contribute to soil erosion. <i>Methods</i>. However, beginning in 1987 the decline in world coffee prices, reduced Ethiopia's foreign-exchange earnings. However, information is lacking in Wolaita, Southern Ethiopia. The northern parts of the highlands are almost devoid of trees. 2. While, Gebreyesus and Kirubel (2009) reported that the heavy reliance of some 85 percent of Ethiopia's growing population on an exploitative kind of subsistence agriculture is a major reason behind the current state of land degradation. Industrial Parks Development Corporation (IPDC), Textile Industry Development Institute (ETIDI), Ethiopian Cotton Producer, Ginners, and Exporters Association (ECPGEA). [10] This has raised fears of food being exported to more prosperous countries while the local population faces its own shortage. In EFY 197475, pulses and oilseeds accounted for 34% of export earnings (about 163 million Birr), but this share declined to about 3% (about 30 million Birr) in EFY 198889. Their resistance to this change increased when Zemecha members campaigned for collectivization of land and oxen. Recently, the GOE has permitted imports of basic food commodities using franco-valuta scheme to narrow supply and demand gap and reduce rising inflation in the country. The soil was equilibrated with pH 7.5 buffer solution whereby reserve H is brought into the solution, which results in depression of pH which will be made and . Agricultural production has been highly dependent on natural resources for centuries [].However, increased human population and other factors have degraded the natural resources in the country thus seriously threatening sustainable agriculture and food security [2, 3]. SURVEY REPORTS - Ethiopian Statistics Service Characteristics and challenges of the Ethiopian highlands farming systems. Pulses were a particularly important export item before the revolution. [7], Imperial government policy permitting investors to import fertilizers, pesticides, tractors and combines, and (until 1973) fuel free of import duties encouraged the rapid expansion of large-scale commercial farming. [7] According to the Central Statistical Agency (CSA), in 2008 the average Ethiopian farmer holds 1.2 hectares of land, with 55.13% of them holding less than 1.0 hectare. Ethiopia has an extremely diverse topography, climate, culture, population distribution and market access. "National Statistical Abstract. During Derg rule, veterinary stations were opened at Bahir Dar, Bedele, and Bishoftu to provide treatment and vaccination services. Years of bi-directional causality were found between agriculture and manufacturing and services sectors before 1975. For instance, according to the World Bank between 1980 and 1987 agricultural production dropped at an annual rate of 2.1 percent, while the population grew at an annual rate of 2.4 percent. Characteristics of Agriculture | PDF | Intensive Farming - Scribd Agriculture is one of the best prospect sectors for growth in Ethiopia. Title. The opportunities and constraints facing Ethiopian agriculture are strongly influenced by conditions which vary across geographical space. Mia MacDonald and Justine Simon (2010) Climate, Food Security, & Growth: Ethiopia's Complex Relationship with Livestock. By African, standard rural development programme has long history in Ethiopia. [7], Ensete, known locally as false banana, is an important food source in Ethiopia's southern and southwestern highlands. The government nationalized rural land without compensation, abolished tenancy, forbade the hiring of wage labor on private farms, ordered all commercial farms to remain under state control, and granted each peasant family so-called "possessing rights" to a plot of land not to exceed ten hectares. Role Agriculture in Ethiopian economy. The third most important oilseed is sesame, which grows at elevations from sea level to about 1,500 meters. Please see below a summary of agricultural focus areas and objectives laid out in Ethiopias ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030). Farmers' group formation accompanies the reform process. Land ownership is also a complicating factor. The problem became so serious that Mengistu lashed out against the peasantry on the occasion of the fourth anniversary of military rule in September 1978. [23], Ethiopia has great potential for increased livestock production, both for local use and for export. Farming In Ethiopia, Agriculture Crops, Livestock Production Efficiency and Agricultural Technologies in the Ethiopian Agriculture Introduction Inability to produce adequate food is the major problem of most less developed countries (LDCS). Some of these products, especially the textiles, apparel, leather goods, and finished meat products are targeted for export markets in order to generate foreign exchange. Agriculture accounted for 50% of GDP, 83.9% of exports, and 80% of the labor force in 2006 and 2007, compared to 44.9%, 76.9% and 80% in 20022003, and agriculture remains the Ethiopian economy's most important sector. After 1975 the revolutionary government used peasant associations to accelerate conservation work throughout rural areas. Furthermore, the ten-year plan envisages to build a climate resilient green economy. In 198182, out of the AMC's purchases of 257,000 tons of grain, Gojjam accounted for 32 percent of the purchases, and Arsi, Shewa, and Gonder accounted for 23%, 22%, and 10%, respectively. [7], President Mengistu's 1990 decision to allow free movement of goods, to lift price controls, and to provide farmers with security of tenure was designed to reverse the decline in Ethiopia's agricultural sector. Because of drought, which has repeatedly affected the country since the early 1970s, a poor economic base (low productivity, weak infrastructure, and low level of technology), and overpopulation, the agricultural sector has performed poorly. Social and ecological system dynamics : characteristics, trends, and Major Rivers of Ethiopia | Ethiopia About Ethiopia - EthioVisit.com Fresh fruits, including citrus and bananas, as well as fresh and frozen vegetables, became important export items, but their profitability was marginal. By 1990 the state had begun to develop large poultry farms, mostly around Addis Ababa, to supply hotels and government institutions. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. In the coming decades, ensuring food security is one of the greatest challenges in Ethiopia. Ethiopia - Agricultural Sector - International Trade Administration Despite the emphasis on state farms, state farm production accounted for only 6% of total agricultural output in 1987 (although meeting 65% of urban needs), leaving peasant farmers responsible for over 90% of production. [31] ploughing the land to soften the land takes three months and from sowing and seedling to the harvesting of the crops requires three to four months. There is considerable room for investment when considering that about 95 percent of Ethiopias crop production is rain fed. An estimated 85 percent of the population are engaged in agricultural production. However, the sector has always performed poorly; about one-half of the rural residents in Ethiopia live below the national poverty line, and the rural population is endowed with few and poorly provided social amenities. Some informal trade is most likely occurring in production areas located along borders. In fact, the soybean crushing and soybean oil refining industry is quickly emerging. Available data on crop production show that land reform and the various government rural programs had a minimal impact on increasing the food supply, as production levels displayed considerable fluctuations and low growth rates at best. The major product in are teff, wheat, maize, sesame, Niger, linseed etc. During 1983-84 the Ministry of Agriculture used "food for work" projects to raise 65 million tree seedlings, plant 18,000 hectares of land, and terrace 9,500 hectares of land. Coffee grows wild in many parts of the country, although most Ethiopian coffee is produced in the Oromia Region (63.7%) and in the SNNPR (34.4%), with lesser amounts in the Gambela Region and around the city of Dire Dawa. Feed manufacturing, feed ingredients and feed milling equipment. One way the government is hoping to improve cotton yields is with Genetically Engineered (GE) cotton. PDF Ethiopian Agriculture: A Dynamic Geographic Perspective Examining the characteristics of stakeholders in Lake Tana Sub-basin resource use, management and Governance -- 21. APDF readeris available from Adobe Systems Incorporated. Overall, the economic reform plan sets out required strategic interventions to increase agricultural productivity and modernization of agriculture in the next 10 years. Local demand for meat, milk and eggs is growing as the economy and population grow. There are also expanding opportunities for grocery sales to retail and wholesale outlets that are starting to spring up all over Addis Ababa. Agriculture in the Lake Tana Sub-Basin of Ethiopia -- 24. Brighter Green, 2. As such, investment opportunities in feed, genetics and veterinary services and the supporting industries are expected to grow in the coming years. The combined pressure of crop and livestock production and the ever-increasing human f AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS IN ETHIOPIA 285 population on the land in this farming system is high. The Tendaho Cotton Plantation in the lower Awash Valley was one of Ethiopia's largest cotton plantations. The GOE is focusing on expanding chicken meat production in order to reduce the countrys longstanding dependence on the livestock sector, minimize the sectors environmental footprint, and provide more affordable protein to the masses. Agriculture is the backbone of the economy of the country as the following facts indicate. The Ethiopian Socioeconomic Survey (ESS) is a collaborative project between the Central Statistics Agency of Ethiopia (CSA) and the World Bank Living Standards Measurement Study- Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA) team. It features and analyzes the country's agricultural progress from 1960s to date, and some . However, it is also one of the poorest, with a per capita gross national income of $960.